Articolazioni doloranti - valutazione, indagini e gestione nell'assistenza primaria

The complex challenge to the physician is to be able to make a safe diagnosis which differentiates between simple arthralgia and other conditions such as degenerative joint disease, inflammatory arthropathies or pain secondary to other diseases.

How common are aching joints? (Epidemiology)

• A Russian study found that 12.7% of a sample of 5,490 children complained of arthralgia. The prevalence was higher in boys than in girls and increased with age. 1.7% of the sample also complained of joint swelling.¹

• A Spanish study found that whilst preschool children were more likely to present with diffuse arthralgias, specific joint pains were more common as children became older. The most common joints involved were knees and ankles.²

• A postal survey looking at self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis in Australia found that transient or chronic arthralgia was most frequent in people aged 45-64, particularly if they had a higher-than-average BMI.³

At-risk groups

• Family history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

• Genetic factors are known to influence susceptibility to osteoarthritis (OA), although epigenetic factors (functionally relevant modifications to genetic material other than the nucleotide sequence of DNA, such as methylation) may also play a part.⁴

• Occupational history of prolonged, repetitive use of hands.

• Manual labour.

• Those who are overweight.

• Previous history of trauma in the joint.

Symptoms of aching joints (presentation)⁵

A thorough history and examination is essential. The history should include a full drug history including over-the-counter and complementary preparations.⁸

Simple arthralgia

• Pain is the main symptom.

• No stiffness.

• No swelling seen around the joint.

• There may be history of viral illness.

NB: arthralgia is a known side-effect of the following: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, quinolones, gonadorelin analogues and tibolones.

Osteoartrite

• It tends to be mainly large joints which are affected - the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb, the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.

• Heberden's nodes seen (distal interphalangeal nodes).

• Crepitus is audible/palpable.

• There may be association with weight gain, a sedentary lifestyle, repetitive use and a past history of trauma to the joint.

Vedi il separato Osteoartrite articolo.

Seronegative arthropathy

• History of psoriasis.

• Bowel disorders (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis).

• Bladder symptoms.

• Anterior uveitis.

• Streptococcal sore throat.

• Bowel infection - yersinia, salmonella or shigella.

• Chlamydial urethritis.

• Presents with asymmetrical large joint pain.

• Oligoarticular involvement and possibly sacroiliitis.

Vedi il separato Seronegative Arthropathies articolo.

Artrite reumatoide

• Diagnosis should be made clinically with four of the following signs present for six weeks or more:
  

  • Pain and swelling in at least three joint areas.

  • Symmetrical disease.

  • Early morning stiffness for >30 minutes daily.

  • Metacarpophalangeal (MCP), wrist or proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint swelling.

  • Subcutaneous nodules.

  • Positive rheumatoid factor.

  • Radiological evidence of erosions.

• Examination should note:
  

  • Which joints are affected, their symmetry/asymmetry.

  • If the MCP joint has swollen, this can be noted by the loss of the groove between the knuckles in a formed fist.

  • The active and passive range of movement and the function of the joint.

  • Whether the patient is able to write, grip and hold objects. Whether there are nodules present on the elbows and shins. Whether there is nail pitting?

Vedi il separato Artrite Reumatoide e Rheumatological History, Examination and Investigations articoli.

Diagnosi differenziale^{9 10}

Vedi anche il separato Acute Monoarthritis e Acute Polyarthritis articoli.

Infiammatorio

• Artrite idiopatica giovanile.

• Malattia infiammatoria intestinale.

• Sarcoidosi.

• Primary malignancy - haematological (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia).

• Neuroblastoma.

• Fibromialgia.

Infezione

• Artrite settica.

• Osteomielite.

• Tubercolosi.

• Virus dell'immunodeficienza umana.¹¹

Artrite reattiva

• Post-streptococcal infection.

• Febbre reumatica.

• Post-enteric illness (see above).

• Lyme arthritis.

Malattia sistemica

• Lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES).

• Malattia di Kawasaki.

• Sclerosi sistemica.¹²

• Porpora di Henoch-Schönlein.

Meccanica

• Trauma.¹³

• Inherited skeletal dysplasias.

• Ipermobilità.

• Necrosi avascolare.

• Growing pains.

Metabolico

• Rickets.

• Malattia della tiroide.

• Diabete.

Tumori

• Tumori ossei.

Sconosciuto

• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

Indagini^{5 9 10}

Vedi anche il separato Rheumatological History, Examination and Investigations articolo.

Where inflammatory pathology is suspected (RA is the most common):

• FBC - low Hb is common.

• Inflammatory markers - plasma viscosity, ESR and CRP:
  

  • These can be normal in 60-70% of patients.

  • If there are good clinical signs a normal result should not inhibit referral.

• Rheumatoid factor:
  

  • Only 33% of patients have a positive result.

  • However, where it is positive, it can be a useful prognostic tool.

  • In juvenile RA, a positive result is associated with increased risk of disease continuing into adult life.

• Autoanticorpi: plasma autoantibodies may be required as part of the assessment of the underlying cause.

• Plain X-rays:
  

  • Hands and feet - 90% are involved in RA.

  • CXR if considering methotrexate (as a baseline for risk of pulmonary side-effects).

  • 50% of people aged over 65 years have radiological evidence of OA including joint space narrowing, osteophytes, cysts, sclerosis and deformity

• Examination of joint fluid may be needed to make a definitive diagnosis.

Management of aching joints

Vedi anche il separato Osteoartrite e Artrite Reumatoide articoli.

Principi generali

• For most, reassurance and explanation will be sufficient.

• Lifestyle advice around exercise and weight loss may help.

• For inflammatory pathology, advice to rest the joint affected is helpful. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy (for splinting and assessment for home aids) should be considered.

• Review after one month to monitor improvement or reconsider the diagnosis.

• Patients may need referral for education and long-term support in RA.

• Other non-pharmacological treatments might include thermotherapy, manual therapy, shock-absorbing shoes, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and aids to daily living (eg, walking sticks, tap turners).

• Patients should receive positive messages about treatment reducing disease progression and that they are unlikely to be confined to a wheelchair.

See the separate articles on Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Farmaci Antireumatici Modificanti la Malattia (DMARDs) e Osteoartrite articoli.

Complications of aching joints

• Depending on the severity of the disease, work and social life may be affected. Work may be lost if manual.

• Severe difficulties with mobility may lead to social isolation.

• Inability to control pain may be associated with low mood.

• Drug adverse effects may be a problem.