Medicina per la nausea

Types of nausea medicine

The medicines for nausea used are sometimes called antiemetics. Some of these medicines work on the gut and speed up how quickly food moves through it. Other medicines work on the brain and block signals to the vomiting centre. Listed below are some of the more commonly prescribed medicines:

• Cinnarizine, ciclizina, prometazina - these medicines belong to a group of medicines called antistaminici. The exact way that they work is not fully understood. It is thought that antihistamines block histamine 1 (H1) receptors in the area of the brain which creates nausea in response to chemicals in the body. They are thought to work well for nausea caused by a number of conditions including ear problems and motion (travel) sickness.

• Hyoscine - this medicine works by blocking a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. It is a type of medicine called an antimuscarinic (or anticholinergic). It works well for nausea caused by ear problems and motion sickness.

• Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, proclorperazina, levomepromazine - these medicines work by blocking a chemical in the brain called dopamine. They are useful for nausea that is caused by some cancers, radiation and opiate medicines such as morphine and codeine. Prochlorperazine (or brand name Stemetil®) is one of the most used medicines for nausea. It works for many common causes of nausea, including vertigo, ear problems and sickness in pregnancy.

• Metoclopramide - this medicine works directly on your gut. It eases the feelings of sickness by helping to empty the stomach and speed up how quickly food moves through the gut. It is often used for people with sickness due to gut problems or migraine. It is not usually used for more than a few days.

• Domperidone - this medicine works on an area of the brain called the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). It also speeds up the emptying of the gut. It is not usually used for more than a few days. The use of domperidone is strictly regulated following a 2014 warning about the risk of cardiac (heart) side-effects. It is no longer available over the counter and should only be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time.

• Desametasone - this is a steroid medicine. It is a man-made version of a natural hormone produced by your own body. Dexamethasone has a wide range of actions on many parts of the body. The reason why it reduces nausea is not clear. It is often used to prevent nausea and vomiting after an anaesthetic, or during chemotherapy.

• Granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron - these medicines work by blocking a chemical called serotonin (5-HT) in the gut, and the brain. Serotonin (5-HT) has an action in the gut and the brain to cause nausea. These medicines are useful for controlling nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Ondansetron is also sometimes used to treat nausea and vomiting from gastroenterite.

• Aprepitant e fosaprepitant - these are newer medicines and work by blocking a chemical that acts on neurokinin receptors in the body to cause nausea. They are sometimes called neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. They are usually given to people on a certain type of chemotherapy.

• Nabilone - it is still not clear how this medicine works to control nausea. It is normally prescribed for people who are having chemotherapy.

When is nausea medicine prescribed?

Medicines for nausea are usually only prescribed once your doctor is sure what is causing your feeling of sickness (nausea). This is because, in a lot of cases, if you treat the condition causing your nausea, it will go away. For example, if your nausea is caused by taking too much of a particular medicine, your doctor will reduce the dose and your nausea will often go away.

If the cause of your nausea is not known, your doctor can still prescribe a medicine for you but it is much better to know what the cause is so the right medicine can be chosen.

Nausea medicine is also commonly prescribed when doctors are giving a drug that is likely to cause nausea and vomiting as a side-effect, such as chemotherapy, or general anaesthetic for an operation. This aims to stop the nausea from happening, or at least reduce it significantly.

Which medicine is usually prescribed for nausea?

The choice of medicine depends on various factors, including:

• What is causing your feeling of sickness (nausea).

• Whether you have any other medical conditions.

• Che tu sia incinta.

• Possible side-effects of the medicines.

It is not possible to list all the conditions that can cause nausea and which treatments are usually prescribed. However, some examples include:

Motion (travel) sickness

Hyoscine is the most effective medicine for motion sickness. Promethazine, cyclizine, or cinnarizine also work well. See the separate leaflet called Motion sickness (Travel sickness) for more detail.

Gravidanza

Nausea and vomiting affects women differently in pregnancy. If the symptoms are severe, medications can help to control them.

Preferred medication choices in pregnancy include promethazine, cyclizine, prochlorperazine, doxylamine and pyridoxine (Xonvea®) and metoclopramide may be prescribed. This is because they are not thought to harm the unborn baby.

Ondansetron can also be used, although it is possibly linked to a very small increase in the risk of the baby developing cleft palate and certain heart defects. It's usually kept as a second- or third-line option for women with severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

Compresse di steroidi are sometimes used for severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that has not responded to several other treatments.

See the separate leaflet called Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy for more detail.

Emicrania

Both metoclopramide and domperidone work well for nausea caused by a migraine. See the separate leaflet called Migraine treatment for more detail.

Chemioterapia

It is not unusual to take a combination of different medicines to control nausea and vomiting if you have chemotherapy. Some chemotherapy medicines are more likely than others to cause nausea and vomiting.

If you have chemotherapy that has a low risk of nausea, your doctor will usually prescribe metoclopramide or domperidone. If you have chemotherapy that has a high risk of nausea, three medicines that work in a different way to each other may be prescribed - for example, ondansetron, dexamethasone and aprepitant. See the separate leaflet called Chemotherapy for more detail.

Side-effects of nausea medicine

It is not possible to list all the possible side-effects of each of these medicines in this leaflet. However, as with all medicines, there are a number of side-effects that have been reported. To see the side-effects specific to your medicine, see the information leaflet that came with your medicine.

Common side-effects may include:

• Costipazione.

• Mal di testa.

• Drowsiness or tiredness.

• Problemi con il sonno (insonnia).

• Indigestione.

However, the side-effects are different with each different medicine. Most side-effects are not serious and each person may react differently to these medicines. Usually most people do not get the side-effects listed; however, they can happen to some people.