Risonanza magnetica

What is an MRI scan?

MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. An MRI scan uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed image on a computer screen. It can show different types of tissue, organs and other structures inside your body.

This image is an MRI scan of a brain. The person's eyeballs can be seen at the top of the picture.

Risonanza magnetica

© By Ptrump (Own work) via Wikimedia Commons

Il tuo corpo contiene milioni di atomi di idrogeno. Quando sei in uno scanner MRI:

• A strong magnetic field aligns particles called protons which are within the hydrogen atoms. All the protons line up in parallel to the magnetic field, like tiny magnets. (Normally the millions of protons all lie in random directions.)

• Then short bursts of radio waves are sent from the scanner into your body. The radio waves knock the protons from their position.

• When the burst of radio waves stop, the protons realign back into place. As they do so they emit radio signals. The protons in different tissues of the body realign at different speeds. Therefore, the signal emitted from different body tissues varies. So, for example, softer tissues can be distinguished from harder tissues on the basis of the signals sent.

• Questi segnali vengono rilevati da un dispositivo ricevente nello scanner.

• Il dispositivo ricevente trasmette i segnali a un computer. Il computer crea un'immagine basata sui segnali radio emessi dal corpo.

The MRI scanner is like a tunnel about 1.5 metres long, surrounded by a large circular magnet. You lie on a couch which then slides into the scanner. A 'receiving device', like an aerial, is placed behind, or around, the part of the body being examined. This detects the tiny radio signals emitted from your body. When each 'picture' is being taken you need to keep still for a few minutes, otherwise the scan picture may be blurred.

MRI scanner

© By Jan Ainali (own work) via Wikimedia Commons.

The scan itself is painless. The whole procedure can take 15-40 minutes. It may be a little uncomfortable lying still on the couch for this time. Small children may need a general anaesthetic to keep them still long enough for the pictures to be taken. Where you lie is quite enclosed and some people may find this very unsettling.

If you have a fear of confined spaces (claustrofobia) you should discuss this with your doctor before you go for the scan. Some parts of the country have access to 'open' scan machines. However, they are not widely available and there is usually a longer wait for an 'open' scanner than for a closed scanner.

In some cases, an injection of a special contrast dye is given into the bloodstream via a vein on the arm. This helps to give clearer pictures of certain tissues or organs being examined.

The radiographer sits in the control room next to the scanner and observes through the window. However, you can talk to them, usually via an intercom, and you will be observed at all times on a monitor.

The scanner is noisy so you will be given some headphones or earplugs to protect your ears from the noise. Quite often you can listen to the radio or music through the headphones.

An MRI scan can create clear pictures of most parts of the body. So, it is useful for all sorts of reasons where other tests (such as radiografie) do not give enough information required.

It is commonly used to obtain detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord, to detect abnormalities and tumours. Even torn ligaments around joints can be detected by an MRI scan. So it is being used more and more following sports injuries.

Cervello

MRI is the first-choice investigation for tumori cerebrali, as it produces clearer images than computerised tomography (CT) and shows hard-to-reach areas of the brain. There is clear contrast between grey and white matter parts of the brain and this makes MRI the best choice for many other conditions, including sclerosi multipla, ictus, Malattia di Alzheimer e epilessia.

Musculoskeletal system

Here, MRI is used to look at the spine - to assess joint disease, pressure on nerves and soft tissue tumours.

Gastrointestinal system

MRI allows non-invasive assessment of malattia infiammatoria intestinale e bowel tumours. It can also look at problems in the liver and pancreas.

Blood vessels and the heart

This is called magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and it generates pictures of the arteries to look for abnormal narrowing or vessel wall dilatations (those at risk of bursting). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs. It might also be used to assess congenital heart disease.

Your local hospital should give you information about what is required before you come for the scan.

The MRI scanner uses an extremely strong magnet, so people with certain types of medical implant cannot be scanned. This is because the magnet can potentially move medical devices with metal in them, or affect their function.

Therefore, before you enter the scanning area you should be asked if you have any medical devices in your body. You may have to fill in a safety questionnaire that asks about things that may contain metal. The following is not a definitive list but may help to remind you of the type of things radiographers need to know about:

• Internal (implanted) defibrillator or pacemaker.

• Ear (cochlear) implant.

• Clip chirurgici come quelli utilizzati per gli aneurismi cerebrali.

• Valvole cardiache artificiali.

• Porte di infusione di medicinali impiantate.

• Arti artificiali o giunti metallici.

• Stimolatori nervosi impiantati.

• Spilli, viti, placche, stent o graffette chirurgiche.

It is also important to tell the radiographer if you have ever had any metal fragments lodged in your eyes or your body. In some cases you may need an X-ray before an MRI scan, to make sure you are safe to enter the scanner.

MRI scans are painless and thought to be safe. MRI scans do not use X-rays so the possible concerns associated with X-ray pictures and Scansioni TC (which use X-rays) are not associated with MRI scans.

However:

• Rarely, some people have reactions to the contrast agent which is sometimes used.

• Alle donne in gravidanza si consiglia di solito di non sottoporsi a una risonanza magnetica a meno che non sia urgente. Sebbene si ritenga che la risonanza sia sicura, gli effetti a lungo termine dei campi magnetici forti su un bambino in via di sviluppo non sono ancora noti.

There are no after effects from the scan. You can return to your normal activities as soon as the scan is over. The scan pictures are studied by a specialist who interprets them - a radiologist - who sends a report to the doctor who requested the scan.

It is usual to have to wait for at least two weeks before hearing about your results. If there are any urgent findings, the specialist will be informed as soon as possible. The result will go back to the person who requested the scan. So, if a hospital consultant requests a scan, you will get the result at your next appointment with them. If you are concerned, you could ring their secretary, but do not contact the GP for the result as they will not have it. If the GP has requested an MRI, you will get the result from them.