Ears and flying

What is aeroplane ear?

Aeroplane ear refers to the pain and discomfort that some people experience when flying on an aeroplane. It occurs when the air pressure in your middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance.

This happens as the plane descends to land. The pain may get worse the lower the plane gets and can be quite severe on landing. The pain usually goes away soon after landing.

It's all due to pressure changes. As the plane starts to lose height, the pressure in the air around you changes. Until the pressure inside the tubes behind your eardrum adapts, the pressure inside and outside your ear is different. This pushes the eardrum in, stretching it and giving you pain.

Aeroplane ear is a mild and temporary form of ear barotrauma.

The pressure change is happening to everyone, but in some people the pain or blockage is worse than others - some may not feel it at all. In particular, if you are congested (because of a cold or allergies such as hay fever), it is harder for your ears to adapt. If this is the case, you may be more aware of pain or blocked ears than the person sitting next to you.

The pain is caused by unequal pressure that develops between the air in the middle ear and the air outside the ear during takeoff and landing.

Ear cross-section diagram: pressure build-up during flying

The small space in the middle ear behind the eardrum is normally filled with air. This air space is connected to the back of the nose by a tiny channel called the Eustachian tube. The air on either side of the eardrum should be at the same pressure.

Air pressure is highest nearer the ground. So as a plane descends, the air pressure becomes higher. This pushes the eardrum inwards which can be painful. To relieve this, the pressure in the middle ear has to rise quickly too. Air needs to travel up the Eustachian tube into the middle ear to equalise the pressure.

Ideally, anyone with an infezione all'orecchio, cold or respiratory infection, etc, should not fly. However, some people may feel that they need to fly anyway as the reason for the trip is so important.

The following may help people who develop ear pain when flying.

Suck sweets or chew chewing gum

Do this when the plane begins to descend. Air is more likely to flow up the Eustachian tube if you swallow, yawn or chew. For babies, it is a good idea to feed them or give them a drink or dummy at the time of descent to encourage them to swallow.

Valsalva manoeuvre

Try doing the following: take a breath in. Then, try to breathe out gently with your mouth closed and whilst pinching your nostrils shut (the Valsalva manoeuvre). In this way, no air is blown out but you are gently pushing air into the Eustachian tube.

If you do this you may feel your ears go 'pop' as air is pushed into the middle ear. This often cures the problem. Repeat this every few minutes until landing - whenever you feel any ear discomfort.

Stay awake when the plane is descending to land

Ask the air steward or stewardess to wake you when the plane starts to descend. If you are awake you can make sure that you suck and swallow to encourage air to get into the middle ear.

The above usually works for most people. However, if you are particularly prone to develop aeroplane ear, you may wish also to consider the following in addition to the tips above:

• Compresse di antistaminico (available at pharmacies). Take the recommended dose the day before and the day of travel. This may help to limit the amount of mucus that you make.

• Decongestant tablets or syrup. For example, a medication called pseudoephedrine. This can be obtained from a pharmacy, without a prescription. Take the dose recommended half an hour before take-off, and if necessary repeat according to the instructions.

• Decongestant nasal sprays and drops are sometimes recommended, but there is little evidence that they are effective.

• Air pressure-regulating ear plugs. These are cheap, reusable ear plugs that are often sold at airports and in many pharmacies. These ear plugs slow the rate of air pressure change on the eardrum.

• Blowing up a special balloon. Products such as Otovent® are balloons which you blow up through your nose, by blocking off one nostril at a time and blowing through the other. These can be bought from pharmacies, and some people find they help stop the pain during flying or unblock ears afterwards.

Take paracetamol

If the measures above fail to help, although the pain may be severe, it normally goes quickly. If it does not settle, take painkillers such as paracetamolo until it does go.

You should see a doctor if the pain or dulled hearing does not clear within a few days.

Kids are also going to get these pressure changes in their ears, and there is invariably a baby bawling as the plane starts to descend and they notice their ears start to hurt.

You can help babies and young children by:

Feeding your baby with a bottle

This as the sucking and swallowing action will help equalise the pressures for them.

Encouraging them to suck a dummy

Sucking on a dummy (pacifier) may have the same effect as feeding a baby.

Give them a sweet to suck

Avoid boiled sweets in very young children because of the choking risk, but in older kids this may be a remedy which will make you a popular parent.

Have them drink from a straw sports bottle

A drink which has a straw or which is in a sports bottle might also be useful as it encourages the sucking action as with the other methods.

Give them paracetamol or ibuprofen

If your child has a cold and is therefore likely to have more of a problem on the flight, a dose of paracetamol or ibuprofene an hour before landing might make for a more peaceful flight.

Some of the measures described above may be helpful, but decongestants are not generally recommended for children.

Complications are extremely unusual, or millions of people wouldn't be flying on a regular basis. Very occasionally, the eardrum can be put under so much pressure that it bursts (perforates), leaving a hole in the eardrum. If this does happen, the pain usually goes away immediately. Perforated eardrums usually heal well without any treatment.

It is advisable NOT to fly if you have an ear infection, such as otite media o otitis externa If you do fly, the pain in your ear may be worse and it may take longer to settle. You may be more likely to have a perforated eardrum.

If you absolutely do have to fly with an ear infection and cannot delay your travel or go by an alternative mode of transport, decongestant medicines may help prevent problems. (These are not suitable for children under the age of 6 years, and only with the advice of a pharmacist for children aged 6-12 years.) It may also be worth taking regular painkillers such as paracetamolo o ibuprofene during the flight.