Fibrillazione atriale e prevenzione dell'ictus

Why does atrial fibrillation increase your risk of having a stroke?

The main complication of o, più raramente, flutter atriale is an increased risk of having a stroke. AF can interfere with the blood flow in the heart chambers. This sometimes leads to a small blood clot forming in a heart chamber.

A clot can travel in the blood vessels until it becomes stuck in a smaller blood vessel in the brain (or sometimes in another part of the body). Part of the blood supply to the brain may then be cut off, which causes a stroke. Strokes due to AF tend to be even more serious than strokes due to other causes.

The risk of developing a blood clot and having a stroke varies, depending on several factors. The level of risk can be calculated by your doctor using a set of specific questions. This will help to decide what treatments are required. All people except those at the lowest risk will be offered medication to help prevent clots from forming.

Medicines called anticoagulants can be used to reduce the risk of a blood clot and so reduce the risk of stroke. Anticoagulants work by prolonging the time it takes for blood to form a clot. Some people call anticoagulation 'thinning the blood', although the blood is not actually made any thinner.

Anticoagulants reduce the risk of stroke by nearly two thirds. In other words, these treatments can prevent about 6 out of 10 strokes that would have occurred in people with AF.

Your doctor can use a risk assessment to see if you should take medicine to reduce your risk of stroke. The most commonly used risk assessment tool is called the CHA₂DS₂-VASc risk score. Points are added for each of the following it they apply to you:

• Congestive heart failure with a recent exacerbation (1 point).

• Hypertension - past or present (1 point).

• Aged 75 years or older (2 points).

• Diabetes (1 point).

• Past history of a Ltroke o attacco ischemico transitorio (2 points).

• Vascular disease - for example, malattia arteriosa periferica, angina or previous attacco di cuore (1 point).

• Age 65-74 years (1 point).

• Lex category (ie female sex scores 1 point and male scores 0).

The higher the total points score, the higher the risk of stroke. Everyone with a score of 2 or more should be treated with anticoagulation. Men with a risk of 1 may be offered anticoagulation. Women with a risk of 1 (in other words, where female sex is their only risk factor) are not offered anticoagulation because the benefits of treatment are likely to be outweighed by the risks.

Another risk score called the HAS-BLED score is used to estimate the risk of major bleeding when you are taking a medicine to reduce the risk of stroke if you have AF. This helps to decide whether or not steps should be taken to reduce your risk of bleeding if you take anticoagulation.

A risk score called ORBIT can be used to assess your risk of major bleeding, including bleeding into the brain. For most people, the benefit of anticoagulation outweighs the bleeding risk. However, if your bleeding risk is high and cannot be reduced, your doctor will discuss the pros and cons of starting (or stopping) anticoagulation.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advises that the ORBIT risk score should be used instead of HAS-BLED to assess the risk of major bleeding when starting blood-thinning medication and whilst you are on it. This is because the evidence shows that it has a higher accuracy in predicting the risk of bleeding than other bleeding risk tools.

The CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk score and ORBIT bleeding risk score should be reassessed at least annually.

Aspirina is very effective at reducing the risk of a second stroke if you have had a stroke which was not due to AF. However, where AF-related stroke is concerned, aspirin is much less effective than other treatments but just as likely to cause problems. It is therefore no longer recommended to reduce the risk of stroke in AF.

Instead, your doctor is likely to recommend an anticoagulant. In the past, warfarin was the traditional option. However, several newer agents called direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are now available. These are called:

• Dabigatran.

• Apixaban.

• Rivaroxaban.

• Edoxaban.

Studies have shown the DOACs to be at least as effective as warfarin for reducing the risk of an AF-related stroke. In addition, they:

• Carry a lower risk of bleeding into the brain.

• Need much less frequent blood monitoring (you do not need regular INR blood clotting tests).

• Have fewer interactions with other medications or food. These interactions could otherwise result in you being more prone to bleeding or clotting.

• Do not require you to adjust the dose frequently dependent on your blood results, as warfarin does.

As a result, NICE has updated its guidance to recommend that DOACs should be offered in preference to warfarin. If you are already taking warfarin, your doctor may discuss changing you to treatment with a DOAC, depending on the results of your blood tests.

To find out more about these medicines, including the risks and benefits of the various alternatives, see the separate leaflet called Anticoagulants.

An operation can be used to reduce the risk of stroke for people with AF. The operation is called left atrial appendage occlusion and closes a pouch in the heart, called the left atrial appendage.

NICE in the UK has recommended that left atrial appendage occlusion can be considered as a treatment option to reduce the risk of stroke in people with AF. However, it does carry risks. It is therefore reserved for people who are at high risk of stroke and who cannot take anticoagulants.