Dovresti preoccuparti degli steroidi e dei loro effetti collaterali?

Cosa c'è in un nome?

There are three main classes of steroids you've probably heard about - although I'd stake my reputation that unless you're a doctor, you had no idea that one of these classes was a steroid at all.

Sex steroids

Sound kinky? Anything but. The male hormone testosterone, and the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone (used by over half of sexually active women in the UK needing contraccezione, but also made naturally in the body) are all sex steroids. Low levels of oestrogen account for many of the symptoms of the menopausa; fluctuations in progesterone (or female sensitivity to it) are to blame for many symptoms of sindrome premestruale (PMS); and low testosterone levels can lead to decreased libido, tiredness and erectile dysfunction, to name but a few.

So you could say any woman using HRT or the contraceptive pill is on steroids.

Anabolic steroids

The medical name for most anabolic steroids is anabolic-androgenic steroids. They're actually a synthetic derivative of testosterone. It's testosterone which largely accounts for increased muscle mass after puberty, so it's hardly surprising they are popular among bodybuilders.

Unfortunately, their bad health reputation is well earned. 'Roid rage' - severe mood swings and anger issues - lines up with shrinking of the testicles, severe acne and breast growth in men. And there have been suggestions they may be linked to an increased risk of heart disease and cancer.

Corticosteroidi

Finally, there are the corticosteroids. Made in your body, these act as hormones or chemical messengers. They have a role in your sistema immunitario, affecting inflammation in the body.

The steroids used in medicine are almost all corticosteroids. They're prescribed in tablet, inhaler, cream/ointment and injection form for different medical conditions. Mostly they're used to reduce inflammation which is causing problems in the body.

Pills and potions

Steroid tablets are used to treat serious allergic reactions like life-threatening anaphylaxis. They may be given in short courses for severe flare-ups of conditions like asthma, malattia polmonare ostruttiva cronica (BPCO) and hives (urticaria). They're also prescribed for autoimmune conditions, where the body's immune system has turned on itself and is attacking part of the body. This includes lupus, malattia infiammatoria intestinale, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Iniezioni di steroidi are often given directly into inflamed joints to reduce pain, swelling and stiffness. This can cause temporary pain, so they're often injected along with a local anaesthetic.

Inhaled steroids come in a wide variety of inhaler devices, and are used mainly to treat asthma and COPD. They're called 'preventer' inhalers - they don't relieve wheezing or breathlessness in the short term, like 'reliever' inhalers, but they damp down inflammation if you use them regularly. This helps reduce symptoms and flare-ups which can land you in hospital. Unless your symptoms settle naturally (this can happen with asthma) you'll need to take them regularly in the long term.

Because inhaled steroids are delivered straight to the lungs, where they're needed, the dose you take is tiny compared to that in steroid tablets. That means they don't have many side effects - although they can cause a sore mouth if you don't rinse your mouth out after using them. There is some suggestion that high-dose inhaled steroids can increase your risk of polmonite if you have COPD. Your doctor can advise you on the safest type for you.

Creme e unguenti steroidei come in many strengths, and are used to treat eczema, psoriasi, lichen planus and other skin conditions, to reduce inflammation. They're also useful for skin irritation due to insect bites. They don't cure the problem but they do relieve itching, redness, inflammation and soreness. Short courses of mild steroid creams are very safe and can be bought from your pharmacist. Stronger steroids can cause thinning of the skin, so use them according to your doctor's instructions.

Side effects to know

There's no question that high-dose steroids (usually prolonged courses of steroid tablets) can have side effects. That's why your doctor will monitor you carefully, both to check for side effects and to make sure you're taking the lowest dose to control your symptoms.

Side effects include l'aumento di peso, increased appetite, high blood pressure, developing diabete di tipo 2 (or higher blood sugar if you already have it), acne, cataracts, glaucoma, inflammation of the stomach and stomach ulcers.

If you're on high-dose steroids, your doctor should give you tablets (usually 'inibitori della pompa protonica') to protect your stomach. They can also increase your risk of osteoporosis (thinning of the bones), so you'll probably be prescribed a weekly tablet to protect them. Working with your doctor and attending regular check-ups (including blood pressure and blood sugar) will help you keep safe and get the benefit you need.

If you take steroid tablets for over 10 days, never stop them suddenly; your doctor will advise how to tail them off. It's also advisable to get a 'medic alert' bracelet or similar just in case you're taken ill, so medical staff will know you're on steroid tablets.

Thanks to My Weekly where this was originally published.