Perché le lesioni alla testa nello sport devono essere prese più seriamente

Secondo Headway, the brain injury association, there were 155,919 head injuries between 2016-2017 in the UK. Many, although certainly not all, of these were obtained through sports.

"The signs of concussion can often be delayed in their presentation. They are also notoriously hard to diagnose, which is why the charity has pushed so hard to promote an 'if in doubt, sit it out!' approach via its Concussion Aware campaign," says Luke Griggs, Deputy Chief Executive of Headway. Delayed presentation of symptoms means that many sports players can be allowed to return to play following a head injury, and risk further damage.

After receiving a concussion from a blow to the head or a sudden jolt, you may experience headaches, blurred vision or 'seeing stars', nausea, dizziness, fogginess, memory loss, feeling emotional or not being able to think straight. Only 1 in 10 people with concussion black out so you should never ignore other symptoms. If you black out for more than 15 minutes you may have a serious brain injury. The onset of other symptoms can be delayed, causing disturbed sleep, tiredness and irritability.

The most dangerous complication of head injury is extradural haematoma, a collection of blood in the 'potential' space between the skull and the outer protective lining of the brain. It usually occurs after a severe head injury in about 2 in 100 people. It is a serious condition which requires emergency treatment.

'My life would be completely different'

Nic O'Leary was only 15 when he sustained a head injury whilst playing rugby for the Welsh Exiles. During training for a big match, the top of another man's head collided with his temple in a drill.

"I was very groggy but, wanting to continue, I managed to eventually join in with the next drill. I went down in a tackle and the second impact caused me to lose consciousness and stop breathing. The injury I was diagnosed with was damage to the frontal lobe."

As was the case for O'Leary, a further head injury, sustained before symptoms of the first one have subsided, can cause second impact syndrome (SIS), which can lead to physical, emotional and cognitive symptoms and even death. SIS is rare but can cause significant brain damage. Repeated concussions are also linked to other risks like demenza.

"The injury has severely impacted my life, with the damage affecting my emotions, as well as my executive functions. My short-term memory is extremely poor; I suffer from chronic fatigue; emotionally I suffer with depressione e ansia. I have attempted suicide. I struggle to hold down relationships. I've been unable to work over the last few years. I have not once felt like I am the same person I was before the injury," he says.

More awareness of SIS and the potentially devastating effects of concussion may have prevented Nic's injury and enabled him to live without the daily symptoms.

"If concussion had even been spoken about when I had my injury, I probably would have sat out for a couple of weeks with a sore head, and I'd have likely been fit and well in time for that all-important match, and my life would be completely different to the way it is now."

Where are we now?

World Rugby recently released new raccomandazioni to prevent head injury in the sport, with chairman Sir Bill Beaumont reflecting that "while injury incidence in rugby is not on the rise and there has been a 15% reduction in concussions in elite competitions, now is not the time to become complacent". They are particularly focused on reducing risk in the tackle as it is responsible for half of match injuries and over three quarters of all concussions.

Whilst professional sports players, especially those in rugby and football, are at risk of head injury, they also have greater access to highly trained experts on the pitch who can properly assess their injuries. A large proportion of all sports-related head injuries are among children and young adults at junior sports clubs where there may be greater risk of injury but less support or awareness of the seriousness of concussion.

For players, as well as coaches, there is enormous pressure to continue play even after a head injury, as they feel rushed to get a game finished, especially in poor weather or if the game is nearly over. This results in players downplaying the severity of their symptoms or faking feeling well.

The typical tests like the Maddocks questions - which include asking "At what venue are we today?" and "Who scored last in this match?" - are useful but their sensitivity is broad, with accuracy identifying someone with a concussion ranging between 32-75%. Players may be able to manipulate their answers or guess in order to be allowed to go back on. Additionally, it may be difficult for a professional to diagnose a head injury accurately in the short time they have with a player amid the noise and distraction of a sports match, as well as the pressure to get on with the game.

The future of concussion in sport

As Griggs explains, a change in attitudes is currently the best way of preventing more head and brain injuries. "Certain sports, including rugby, have taken approaches to concussion management that involve monitoring the effectiveness and implementation of protocols and making changes where necessary. And, in general, progress is being made."

The ongoing Repetitive Concussion in Sport (RECOS) study in Birmingham is looking into creating a conclusive and objective test for concussion, protecting players against further head injury. The saliva test could diagnose concussions pitch-side within minutes by testing for biomarkers which can identify if the brain has sustained injury. After a decade of study, researchers have been using their laboratory test to look for the biomarkers in the saliva and urine of injured and non-injured Premier League footballers. They hope to develop a hand-held device which could be used by players in both professional and amateur sports.

For Nic, the idea of a test for concussion is hugely encouraging. "Research for an effective concussion test will be literally life-saving. As professional sportspeople - particularly tough young rugby players - it is instilled in us to 'carry on regardless'. There needs to be an effective way for this to be taken out of the control of the players."

Whilst an effective test for concussion gives hope for future prevention of concussion, it is important that the current focus remains on awareness of head injury, explains Griggs.

"Ultimately, until reliable sideline diagnostic tools have been developed and fully tested, the focus has to remain on education. We have to make everyone involved in sport, including players, coaches and parents, better aware of the dangers of continuing to play on after sustaining a potential concussion. Doing so will hopefully lead to more players taking the decision to sit themselves out, rather than risk the consequences."