Angiografia coronarica

What is a coronary angiography?

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure to look at the blood vessels that supply the heart (the coronary arteries). It is also called a coronary angiogram, cardiac catheterisation, or an invasive coronary angiogram.

Coronary angiography involves injecting dye into the coronary arteries. This dye makes the arteries visible on an X-ray. Dye is injected into the coronary arteries by using a catheter. (A catheter is a thin, flexible, hollow tube.) The catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in your arm or your groin, and passed up inside your blood vessels to reach the heart itself.

Coronary angiography can show the exact site and severity of any narrowing of the coronary arteries. This helps the doctor to decide on what treatment you may need. For example, if the narrowing is mild and does not need surgery; or, if the narrowing is severe and you should have a coronary artery bypass graft o angioplastica coronarica (stent).

Coronary angioplasty (stenting) can be done at the same time as coronary angiography. They are often done together, if the angiography shows blood vessel narrowing that can be treated with angioplasty.

Computerised tomography (CT) coronary angiogram

A CT coronary angiogram is a different test to a traditional coronary angiogram.

A CT coronary angiogram uses a CT scanner to look at the heart and the coronary arteries. An injection of dye is given into a small vein in your hand or arm, and a CT scanner takes pictures of the heart and arteries.

A CT coronary angiogram doesn't require a catheter to be passed up to the heart, like a traditional coronary angiogram does. This means it is a less invasive test, and there are fewer risks compared to a traditional angiogram. However, it's not quite as good as a traditional angiogram at getting a very detailed picture of the coronary arteries. It's also not possible to perform treatments for a narrowed artery, such as angioplasty, at the same time.

A CT coronary angiogram is often used to rule out malattia coronarica. If the results are normal, this can avoid someone needing to have a traditional coronary angiogram. See separate leaflet called CT scan for more general information.

The heart and coronary arteries

Cuore con ateroma

You lie on a couch in a catheterisation room. An X-ray machine is mounted above the couch. A thin, flexible tube (a catheter) is inserted through a wide needle or small cut in the skin into a blood vessel in the groin or arm. Local anaesthetic is injected into the skin above the blood vessel. Therefore, it should not hurt when the catheter is passed into the blood vessel.

Angiografia coronarica

The doctor gently pushes the catheter up the blood vessel towards the heart. Low-dose X-rays are used to monitor the progress of the catheter tip which is gently manipulated into the correct position. You may be able to see the progress of the catheter on the X-ray monitor.

The tip of the catheter is pushed just inside a main coronary artery. Some dye is then injected down the catheter into the artery. Several X-ray films are rapidly taken as the dye is injected (the dye shows up clearly on X-ray films). The X-ray films are recorded as a moving picture and this is called an angiogram. The angiogram shows the vessels filling with blood and the sites of any narrowing can be seen.

The tip of the catheter is then put into the other main coronary artery and the test is repeated. So, an angiogram picture is built up of each of the coronary arteries and their branches.

You cannot feel the catheter inside the blood vessels. You may feel an occasional 'missed' or 'extra' heartbeat during the procedure. This is normal and doesn't cause any problems. During the procedure your heartbeat is monitored by electrodes placed on your chest which provide a tracing on an electrocardiograph (ECG) machine. Sometimes a sedative is given before the test if you are anxious.

If the angiogram has shown narrowing in the heart arteries, your cardiologist may proceed to open up the arteries (angioplasty) and possibly insert a stent as well, as part of the same procedure. See the angioplastica coronarica leaflet for more details.

When the test is over, the catheter is gently pulled out. A dissolvable plug or a special stitch may be used to seal the puncture site. If it was inserted through a small cut in the skin in the arm then you will normally need a few stitches. Pressure might be used to stop the wound from bleeding, either by a nurse pressing on the site of insertion, or using a special pressure device.

You should receive instructions from your local hospital about what you need to do in the days leading up to the test. The sort of instructions may include:

• Before the day of the test you may need a blood test and an ECG to make sure you are OK to have the procedure.

• If you take a 'blood-thinning' medicine (anticoagulant), such as warfarin, you are likely to need to stop this for 2-3 days before the test. This prevents excessive bleeding from the site of the small, flexible tube (catheter) insertion.

• If you take insulin or medicines for diabetes, the timing of when to take these on the day of the test may need to be clarified.

• Se potresti essere incinta, devi informare il medico che eseguirà il test.

• You may be asked to stop eating and drinking for a few hours before the test.

• Potrebbe essere richiesto di radere entrambe le zone inguinali prima del test.

• You will have to sign a consent form at some point before the test to confirm that you understand the procedure, understand the possible complications -see below - and agree to the procedure being done.

It usually takes about 30 minutes. In most cases it is done as a day-case procedure.

• The doctor will discuss what he or she found during the test. A letter is also sent to your doctor giving details of the test results.

• Avrai bisogno di riposare per alcune ore dopo il test. Dovresti chiedere a un amico o un parente di accompagnarti a casa. La maggior parte delle persone è in grado di riprendere le normali attività il giorno successivo.

• There may be some bruising at the site of the small, flexible tube (catheter) insertion which may be a little sore when the anaesthetic wears off. Painkillers such as paracetamol will help to ease this.

• Potrebbe essere necessario rimuovere alcuni punti dopo circa sette giorni se è stato fatto un piccolo taglio per inserire il catetere.

La maggior parte degli effetti collaterali sono lievi e possono includere:

• A bruise, which may form under the skin where the small, flexible tube (catheter) was inserted (usually the groin). This is not serious but it may be sore for a few days.

• The small wound where the catheter is inserted sometimes becomes infected. Tell your doctor if the wound becomes red and tender. A short course of antibiotics will usually deal with this if it occurs.

• Some people have a short angina-type pain during angiography. This soon goes.

• The dye may give you a hot, flushing feeling when it is injected. Many people also describe a warm feeling in the groin when the dye is injected - as if they have 'wet themselves'. These feelings last just a few seconds (and the operator will tell you when they are about to inject the dye). Rarely, some people have an allergic reaction to the dye.

Complications

Serious complications are rare. Some people have a stroke or a heart attack (myocardial infarction) during the procedure. Also, rarely, the catheter may damage a heart (coronary) artery. The risk of serious complications is small and is mainly in people who already have serious heart disease. As a consequence of serious complications, some people have died during this procedure. Your doctor will only recommend coronary angiography if they feel the benefits outweigh the small risk.