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Why should you wash your hands?

Washing your hands is one of the best ways to protect yourself from germs and stop yourself catching illnesses like raffreddori e intossicazione alimentare. It's so important, the UN have named 15^°October of every year 'Global Handwashing Day' to raise awareness.

Research from Università Queen Mary di Londra found that many of the objects we use and share on a day-to-day basis - like money and credit cards - have levels of bacteria equivalent to that of a dirty toilet bowl. Worryingly, 11% of hands also showed the same gross contamination. The study's authors stress the importance of handwashing in health promotion, highlighting that washing hands with soap can reduce diarrhoeal infections by up to 42%.

Another studio estimates that 8.2% of the overall worldwide decline in child mortality between 1990 and 2015 can be attributed to improved handwashing. This largely accounts for the global push for more safe and accessible water resources.

Washing your hands is not only about protecting yourself from infection - plenty of illnesses are easily spread through hands and can be especially dangerous to those with poor immune systems as well as children and older people. If you are a parent, it is crucial that you teach your child about proper handwashing and explain to them why it is important, particularly as illness spreads quickly in closed environments like schools.

Handwashing plays a key role in enabling people across the world to get on with their daily lives, according to Om Prasad Gautam, Senior WASH Manager at WaterAid. "Handwashing with soap keeps people clean and can prevent diseases, so children can go to school, adults can go to work, mothers can give birth safely, and young women can have their periods with dignity. Lack of handwashing by health workers in healthcare facilities during critical moments (such as before and after touching patients) increases the risk of hospital acquired infections."

How to wash your hands

Handwashing is far more than running your hands under water for a few seconds - to get the full benefit you should follow the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Washing your hands properly should take around 20 seconds or, as the WHO suggests, enough time to sing 'Happy Birthday' twice. Their guidance says to:

1. Wet hands with water.

2. Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces.

3. Rub hands palm to palm.

4. Rub right palm over the back of your left hand with interlaced fingers. Repeat with your other hand.

5. Rub palm to palm with fingers interlaced.

6. Rub the backs of your fingers to the palms of the opposite hand.

7. Rub in rotation the thumb of one hand with the clasped palm of the other. Repeat with the other hand.

8. Rub the tips of your fingers in the palm of the other hand, going back and forth and in circles to clean under your nails. Repeat with the other hand.

9. Rinse hands with water.

10. Dry hands thoroughly, ideally with a disposable towel.

11. Use a disposable towel or clean tissue/toilet tissue to turn off the tap (and the bathroom lightswitch) to avoid recontamination.

When using soap, there is no need to use versions that are branded 'antibacterial' - they are no more effective at killing germs than regular soaps. In fact, they could actually be worsening our health by making bacteria resistant to the agents used to kill them which makes it harder to kill them in the future.

Washing hands with soap and water is always preferable to using hand sanitiser where possible. However, using hand sanitiser for emergencies or where handwashing facilities are not available is a good alternative.

When should you wash your hands?

Dr Lisa Ackerly, an environmental health practitioner also known as The Hygiene Doctor, encourages people to consider when they are washing their hands rather than how often.

"Hand washing is the simplest and most cost-effective way for people to protect themselves and others from infection. But it's very important that we understand when to wash your hands. People say "wash hands regularly" but that's not adequate in my opinion - you could miss the critical times. It's all about stopping the chain of infection or journey of the germ," she explains.

According to Ackerly you should always wash your hands:

• Before eating with your fingers.

• After using the toilet.

• After caring for pets.

• After handling raw meat, poultry or soiled vegetables.

• On coming home or arriving at the office.

• Before rubbing your eyes or putting in contact lenses.

You should also make sure your hands are washed:

• After handling money or receipts.

• After blowing your nose or coughing, especially if you are ill.

• After sex or intimate activity.

• Before treating a burn or wound or caring for someone who is sick or injured (including if you are visiting someone in hospital).

Handwashing needs to be part of a global push for better hygiene and disease prevention, says Gautam. "Hygiene behaviour change is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and handwashing with soap can cut the risk of diarrhoeal disease - the fourth biggest killer of children under five - almost by half (up to 48%). Despite hygiene's vital role in preventing disease, the global compliance rate on handwashing is very low, and it is often undervalued and underfunded in many countries," he reveals.