Dovresti fare esercizio durante il ciclo mestruale?

If you've ever seen a tampon advert, you'll be familiar with the format: a woman dances, plays tennis and rides a horse, all while wearing white trousers. The implication is that your period is not a time to curl up with a hot water bottle - it's a time to get active.

Of course, if you're one of the millions of women who suffer with sintomi simili alla sindrome premestruales, bloating or dolorosi, the lifestyle sold in the adverts may seem a bit far-fetched. However, there's a grain of truth among the exaggeration. Exercise can be extremely beneficial during your period (though you may want to skip the white trousers).

"The idea that women should not exercise during their period is a complete fallacy, as this is the time of the month when the benefits of exercise can be at their greatest," says Dr Anne Henderson, a Doctify-rated consultant gynaecologist. "There is endorphin and serotonin release during and after exercise, which can have an antidepressant and mood-elevating effect. And, as most women who exercise regularly will know, pushing beyond the sensation of feeling tired is usually beneficial as exercise alleviates this symptom."

On top of that, the endorphin release can have a painkilling effect, which may give you some relief from cramps. And, since exercise increases bowel motility (the speed of digestion), it can help with bloating symptoms.

The start of your cycle

This is not to say that you will necessarily be on top form at this time of the month. As Jocette Coote, co-owner of the boutique gyms F45 Farringdon e Ravenscourt Park, explains, both progesterone and oestrogen are at their lowest during your period, which can cause dips in energy. Rather than ceasing all activity, this is a good time to listen to your body and potentially try some new workouts.

"If you experience painful periods, also called dysmenorrhoea, you know all too well how uncomfortable this time of the month can be," she says. "The good news is that exercises such as light walking may help you decrease these symptoms."

Interestingly enough, this also might be a good time to do some strength training - and that applies all the way through until ovulation.

"Some ricerche has found that strength training during the follicular phase (days 1-14 of the cycle) resulted in higher increases in muscle strength compared to training in the luteal phase (days 15-28 of the cycle)," says a spokesperson for the science team at Clue, the period tracking app. "Therefore, if you start paying attention to your cycle phases, you may find your strength training pays off the most in your follicular phase."

The middle stage

As you approach ovulation (around day 14 for most women), there is a surge in levels of oestrogen and testosterone, while progesterone levels remain stable and low.

"The combined hormone surge usually has an enormously beneficial impact on general well-being, mood, energy levels and ability to exercise and train more easily," says Henderson. "Many female athletes report carrying out their best performances and most effective training during this phase of the cycle."

Martin Hamer, health and fitness tutor at The Training Room, says it's a great time to work out at high intensity, potentially incorporating some heavy weight training.

"Within these first 14 days, a woman's body temperature stays consistent, her pain tolerance increases and her ability to digest and utilise carbohydrates is more efficient," he says. "So, in other words, go out and shift some steel and hit those personal bests within the follicular phase."

A word of warning, though - you might be more injury prone at this time. To use a stark example, women are around three to six more times likely than men to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, a common sports injury affecting the knee. Ricerca suggests this may have a hormonal basis, with the risk at its greatest in the days leading up to ovulation.

"More research is needed, but it's worth doing longer warm-up exercises and not overstretching during your fertile window," says the spokesperson for Clue.

The luteal phase

As you move into the luteal phase of the cycle (the days between ovulation and your period), progesterone levels start to rise and oestrogen levels fall.

"This is a more problematic phase of the menstrual cycle for many women, as progesterone is generally seen as a depressant, compared to the mood elevating benefits of oestrogen," says Henderson. "Not surprisingly, this phase of the cycle may have a negative impact on training and exercise."

You may want to drop the intensity of your workouts at this point, as your heart will be working slightly harder than normal and your body temperature will be raised. The upshot is that you may succumb to fatigue more quickly.

"You might also see decreased endurance here, so if you're training for, or racing in, an endurance event, try to opt for shorter workouts during this phase," says Coote.

The Clue team suggests scheduling rest days during your luteal phase, which of course doesn't mean skipping training entirely. It just means being realistic about what's achievable at this time, and not beating yourself up if there's a slight dip in performance - some changes are out of your control.

Tune into how you're feeling

All this said, everyone's body is different, and we don't all respond to hormonal fluctuations in the same way. You might find that your energy levels vary depending on where you are in the cycle, or you might feel strong all month long. This is not to mention that your cycle may be longer or shorter than 28 days - and if your periods are irregular, the relationship between your hormones and your workout performance may be harder to track.

The important thing is to tune into how you're feeling. Simply put, this means easing off if you're tired and pushing harder if you're on top form. Athletes have won their events, or scored personal bests, at all stages of their cycle, which should indicate that nothing is set in stone.

"As female athletes, taking a closer look at how our bodies change throughout our cycle can be an incredibly helpful tool," says Coote. "When we understand what's going on inside us, we can set ourselves up for success in reaching our health and fitness goals."