Cosa scatena i disturbi alimentari negli uomini?

Oh, it's such a shame

We know that young women with eating disorders often feel intensely ashamed, and may hide their problem. With anoressian, they often cover up with baggy clothes and pretend at mealtimes that they've already eaten. With bulimia, empty food packets can be smuggled into the bin and public toilets used for purging.

But men aren't 'supposed' to worry about their weight, and they certainly aren't expected to show they're vulnerable. Since 'everyone knows that eating disorders are a girl's problem', admitting not only to emotional distress but also to an apparently unmasculine response to it carries a double stigma.

Men are from Mars, women are from Venus

Many of the triggers for eating disorders differ between men and women. Men who develop eating disorders have often been overweight at some point. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to have felt they were overweight when they weren't. Men are also more likely to worry about their weight because of how it might affect their athletic ability: for women, a 'beautiful' body is an issue all by itself.

While most men with eating disorders aren't gay, men who are gay are up to 10 times more likely than heterosexual men to develop an eating disorder. Interestingly, lesbian women are less likely to be concerned about their appearance than gay men.

Muscle dysmorphia - an obsession with developing the right muscles, which has much overlap with eating disorders - is much more common in men than in women. Closely linked to this is the use of anabolic steroids, as common in men as anorexia and bulimia combined in women.

Media madness

If a fitness instructor asked a video company to produce an exercise video in which they deliberately covered up their toned physique, chances are they'd be sent packing in very short order, or dismissed as mad. In the same way, no magazine is going to let a photo go out on their front page in which the model has a flabby stomach protruding from under her shirt: everyone knows that beauty sells. And Photoshop^® means they don't have to.

Few icons have either the power or the inclination to fight back - when Kate Winslet announced that she was refusing to allow her photos in a recent cosmetic advert to be photoshopped, it made international headlines. Yet young women who watch exercise videos led by an instructor in a body-contour outfit are more likely to feel unhappy afterwards, compared to doing the same workout while watching the same instructor covered up.

Men and media

Men, too, are more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies when they're exposed to images of muscular, idealised men. These same images are more likely to causemento drive themselves at the gym to increase their own muscularity - and, as we've seen above, a desire for the perfect muscular body is often a precursor to an eating disorder in men.

Then there's social media - do endless carefully vetted images of everyone you know having a marvellous time, or pictured only in the most flattering poses, play a role? Dr Sandeep Ranote is a consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist, who has specialised in eating disorders for 15 years. She warns that we ignore this element at our peril. "We would be naive to say that there is no link between social media and eating disorders as well as other mental health problems like low self-esteem, depression and self-harm. We don't have absolute proof yet, and we don't know how to deal with it - but we definitely need to keep looking at it."

What's the solution?

As in so many walks of life, forewarned is forearmed. Doctors have a duty to recognise that men may well show different first signs of an eating disorder than women, and to keep it in mind as a possible diagnosis.

The fashion industry pays lip service to behaving responsibly where body image is concerned: I have seen endless stories over the years about fashion houses 'joining forces to ban size zero models', yet they constantly creep back in. For men, it may be more difficult still. in a world where obesity levels are sky-rocketing, fitness carries huge social cachet and the finely-honed athlete's physique is unlikely to become unpopular any time soon.

Dr Ranote is convinced that who gives the message is crucial. "Using role models is, if anything, more important for boys and men than for girls and women. Men will engage with their stories - the Campagna Stato Mentale, set up six years ago by the Rugby League e Rugby Union, has done amazing work in raising awareness of mental health problems. They've largely focused on depressive disorders, but they're starting to look at eating disorders as well, getting people to start conversations at local club level. The Football Association (FA) is also working at local levels to raise awareness - I would love to see the FA working with the Collegio Reale degli Psichiatri so we can maximise our impact. I would love the English Cricket Board doing more - they have the power to get through to men in a way that doctors never could."

There are other shining examples of how we can beat the stigma. The brave decision of the international rugby referee Nigel Owens to share his 27-year battle with bulimia is a case in point. You don't get much more manly than a rugby referee. And if it could happen to him, it could happen to anyone.