Fraser syndrome
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Fraser syndrome is a rare disorder that affects development starting before birth. Characteristic features of this condition include eyes that are completely covered by skin and usually malformed (cryptophthalmos), fusion of the skin between the fingers and toes (cutaneous syndactyly), and abnormalities of the genitalia and the urinary tract (genitourinary anomalies). Other tissues and organs can also be affected. Depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, Fraser syndrome can be fatal before or shortly after birth; less severely affected individuals can live into childhood or adulthood.
Descrizione
Fraser syndrome is a rare disorder that affects development starting before birth. Characteristic features of this condition include eyes that are completely covered by skin and usually malformed (cryptophthalmos), fusion of the skin between the fingers and toes (cutaneous syndactyly), and abnormalities of the genitalia and the urinary tract (genitourinary anomalies). Other tissues and organs can also be affected. Depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, Fraser syndrome can be fatal before or shortly after birth; less severely affected individuals can live into childhood or adulthood.
Cryptophthalmos is the most common abnormality in people with Fraser syndrome. Both eyes are usually completely covered by skin, but in some cases, only one eye is covered or one or both eyes are partially covered. In cryptophthalmos, the eyes can also be malformed; for example, the eyeballs may be fused to the skin covering them, or they may be small (microphthalmia) or missing (anophthalmia). Eye abnormalities typically lead to impairment or loss of vision in people with Fraser syndrome. Affected individuals can have other problems related to abnormal eye development, including missing eyebrows or eyelashes or a patch of hair extending from the side hairline to the eyebrow.
Cutaneous syndactyly typically occurs in both the hands and the feet in Fraser syndrome. In most people with this feature, the skin between the middle three fingers and toes are fused, but the other digits can also be involved. Other abnormalities of the hands and feet can occur in people with Fraser syndrome.
Individuals with Fraser syndrome can have abnormalities of the genitalia, such as an enlarged clitoris in females or undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in males. Some affected individuals have external genitalia that do not appear clearly female or male.
The most common urinary tract abnormality in Fraser syndrome is the absence of one or both kidneys (renal agenesis). Affected individuals can have other kidney problems or abnormalities of the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract.
A variety of other signs and symptoms can be involved in Fraser syndrome, including heart malformations or abnormalities of the voicebox (larynx) or other parts of the respiratory tract. Some affected individuals have facial abnormalities, including ear or nose abnormalities or an opening in the upper lip (cleft lip) with or without an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate).
Modelli di ereditarietà
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal recessive. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Altri nomi
Cryptophthalmos syndactyly syndrome
Cryptophthalmos syndrome
Cryptophthalmos with other malformations
Fraser's syndrome
Fraser-Francois syndrome
Meyer-Schwickerath syndrome
Ullrich-Feichtiger syndrome
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Ulteriori letture e riferimenti
- Fraser syndrome; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Al-Hamed MH, Sayer JA, Alsahan N, Tulbah M, Kurdi W, Ambusaidi Q, Ali W, Imtiaz F. Novel loss of function variants in FRAS1 AND FREM2 underlie renal agenesis in consanguineous families. J Nephrol. 2021 Jun;34(3):893-900. doi: 10.1007/s40620-020-00795-0. Epub 2020 Jul 8.
- Barisic I, Odak L, Loane M, Garne E, Wellesley D, Calzolari E, Dolk H, Addor MC, Arriola L, Bergman J, Bianca S, Boyd PA, Draper ES, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Latos-Bielenska A, McDonnell B, Pierini A, Rankin J, Rissmann A, Queisser-Luft A, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Stone D, Tenconi R. Fraser syndrome: epidemiological study in a European population. Am J Med Genet A. 2013 May;161A(5):1012-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35839. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
- Dumitru A, Costache M, Lazaroiu AM, Simion G, Secara D, Cirstoiu M, Emanoil A, Georgescu TA, Sajin M. Fraser Syndrome - a Case Report and Review of Literature. Maedica (Bucur). 2016 Mar;11(1):80-83.
- Hoefele J, Wilhelm C, Schiesser M, Mack R, Heinrich U, Weber LT, Biskup S, Daumer-Haas C, Klein HG, Rost I. Expanding the mutation spectrum for Fraser syndrome: identification of a novel heterozygous deletion in FRAS1. Gene. 2013 May 15;520(2):194-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.031. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
- Ikeda S, Akamatsu C, Ijuin A, Nagashima A, Sasaki M, Mochizuki A, Nagase H, Enomoto Y, Kuroda Y, Kurosawa K, Ishikawa H. Prenatal diagnosis of Fraser syndrome caused by novel variants of FREM2. Hum Genome Var. 2020 Oct 2;7:32. doi: 10.1038/s41439-020-00119-5. eCollection 2020.
- Martinez-Frias ML, Bermejo Sanchez E, Felix V, Calvo Celada R, Ayala Garces A, Hernandez Ramon F. [Fraser syndrome: frequency in our environment and clinical-epidemiological aspects of a consecutive series of cases]. An Esp Pediatr. 1998 Jun;48(6):634-8. Spanish.
- McGregor L, Makela V, Darling SM, Vrontou S, Chalepakis G, Roberts C, Smart N, Rutland P, Prescott N, Hopkins J, Bentley E, Shaw A, Roberts E, Mueller R, Jadeja S, Philip N, Nelson J, Francannet C, Perez-Aytes A, Megarbane A, Kerr B, Wainwright B, Woolf AS, Winter RM, Scambler PJ. Fraser syndrome and mouse blebbed phenotype caused by mutations in FRAS1/Fras1 encoding a putative extracellular matrix protein. Nat Genet. 2003 Jun;34(2):203-8. doi: 10.1038/ng1142.
- Petrou P, Makrygiannis AK, Chalepakis G. The Fras1/Frem family of extracellular matrix proteins: structure, function, and association with Fraser syndrome and the mouse bleb phenotype. Connect Tissue Res. 2008;49(3):277-82. doi: 10.1080/03008200802148025.
- Simikyan RG, Zhang X, Strelkova O, Li N, Zhu M, Eckhard A, Baranov PY, Wu X, Richey L, Indzhykulian AA. Frem2 Knockout Mice Exhibit Fraser Syndrome Phenotypes and Neonatal Lethality Due to Bilateral Renal Agenesis. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2025 Aug 5:2024.10.28.620501. doi: 10.1101/2024.10.28.620501.
- Slavotinek AM, Tifft CJ. Fraser syndrome and cryptophthalmos: review of the diagnostic criteria and evidence for phenotypic modules in complex malformation syndromes. J Med Genet. 2002 Sep;39(9):623-33. doi: 10.1136/jmg.39.9.623.
- Thi Pham XT, Nguyen PN, Hoang XS. Fraser Syndrome: A Narrative Review Based on a Case from Vietnam and the Past 20 Years of Research. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Jun 25;15(13):1606. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15131606.
- van Haelst MM, Maiburg M, Baujat G, Jadeja S, Monti E, Bland E, Pearce K; Fraser Syndrome Collaboration Group; Hennekam RC, Scambler PJ. Molecular study of 33 families with Fraser syndrome new data and mutation review. Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Sep 1;146A(17):2252-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32440.
- van Haelst MM, Scambler PJ; Fraser Syndrome Collaboration Group; Hennekam RC. Fraser syndrome: a clinical study of 59 cases and evaluation of diagnostic criteria. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Dec 15;143A(24):3194-203. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31951.
- Vogel MJ, van Zon P, Brueton L, Gijzen M, van Tuil MC, Cox P, Schanze D, Kariminejad A, Ghaderi-Sohi S, Blair E, Zenker M, Scambler PJ, Ploos van Amstel HK, van Haelst MM. Mutations in GRIP1 cause Fraser syndrome. J Med Genet. 2012 May;49(5):303-6. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100590. Epub 2012 Apr 17.
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