Malattia delle valvole cardiache

What is heart valve disease?

A heart valve that is diseased or damaged can affect the flow of blood through the heart. There are two main types of heart valve problem:

• Heart valve stenosis. This means that the opening of the heart valve is narrowed and the valve does not open fully. This leads to a restriction in blood flow through the valve.

• Heart valve regurgitation (sometimes called heart valve incompetence, or a leaky valve). This means that the valve does not close properly and there is backflow of blood through the leaky valve.

Any of the heart valves can be affected by these problems. However, the mitral and aortic valves are the ones that most commonly become diseased. Read more in our separate leaflets on mitral stenosis, rigurgito mitralico, stenosi aortica and aortic regurgitation.

Dettaglio del cuore normale

These symptoms are also common in other conditions and do not necessarily mean that there is heart valve disease. However, heart valve disease may need to be looked for with these symptoms.

Heart valve disease symptoms may include:

• Fiato corto. This tends to develop gradually, initially on exercise and then developing at rest if the stenosis becomes worse. This symptom is due to a build-up of fluid in the lungs.

• Fainting, dizziness o stanchezza. If the amount of blood getting through to the ventricle is reduced, the output of blood from the left ventricle to the body is then reduced.

• Dolori al petto (angina). This may develop if there is a reduced blood flow to the arteries that take blood to the heart muscle (the coronary arteries).

• Fast or irregular heartbeat which may be felt as the sensation of a 'thumping heart' (palpitations).

• Chest infections may happen more often.

• Coughing up bloodstained sputum. This may occur due to the build-up of fluid in the lungs.

• The liver may be enlarged and not function as well; this may cause a build-up of fluid in the abdomen leading to an enlarged abdomen.

• People with mitral stenosis may get flushed cheeks.

Degenerative changes

This is the most common cause of leaky heart valves (heart valve regurgitation). The structures supporting the heart valves weaken and stretch over time and this prevents the valves from closing properly.

Rheumatic heart disease

• Rheumatic heart disease refers to any heart problem which develops after having an episode of febbre reumatica.

• Rheumatic fever is a condition which sometimes follows an infection with a bacteria called streptococcus. The body makes antibodies to the bacteria to clear the infection but, in some people, the antibodies also attack various parts of the body - in particular, the heart valves. Inflammation of one or more valves may develop which can cause permanent damage and lead to thickening and scarring years later.

• Rheumatic fever used to be common in the UK in the era before antibiotics but it is now rare. It is still quite common in some low and middle income countries.

• If rheumatic fever is the cause then symptoms often start between the ages of 20 and 50 years, about 10-20 years after having had an episode of rheumatic fever as a child.

Other causes of heart valve disease

Other causes of heart valve disease include:

• Deposits of calcium (calcification) in parts of the valve. This is the most common cause of stenosi aortica in older people.

• Cardiomiopatia dilatativa.

• Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica.

• Some heart problems present from birth (congenital). It is then usually part of a complex heart deformity.

• Infection of the valve (infective endocarditis).

• A leaky heart valve may occasionally occur following heart valve surgery.

• A complication of various uncommon diseases.

• A doctor may hear a heart murmur or other abnormal noises when listening with a stethoscope. Murmurs and noises are due to blood passing through abnormal heart valves, or to abnormal movement of valves. There are typical murmurs and noises which occur with each heart valve problem.

• Initial tests usually include a radiografia del torace e una heart tracing (an electrocardiogram, or ECG).

• Un ultrasound scan of the heart (an echocardiogram, or 'echo') can confirm the diagnosis.

• Other heart tests, including computerised tomography (CT) scans e scansioni di risonanza magnetica (MRI) can help to assess the severity of the condition.

• Cateterismo cardiaco may be done to assess the severity of the heart valve problem. In this test a thin tube called a catheter is inserted into either the main blood vessel in the top of the leg (femoral artery) or an artery in the wrist (radial artery). It is passed up to the heart. A small device on the tip of the catheter can measure the pressure on either side of the heart valve.

Various complications may develop, depending on the valve affected and the severity of the problem.

The main possible complications that may develop include the following:

• Fibrillazione atriale develops in about 4 in 10 cases. In this condition, the heart beats in a fast and irregular way. This occurs because the electrical signals in the enlarged atrium become faulty. The irregular heart rhythm can cause the sensation of palpitations and breathlessness. See the separate leaflet called Atrial fibrillation.

• Insufficienza cardiaca may develop and gradually become more severe. This causes worsening shortness of breath, tiredness, and fluid retention in various tissues of the body. Vedi l'opuscolo separato intitolato Insufficienza cardiaca congestizia.

• Ictus. A blood clot may form within the enlarged left atrium, which does not fully empty into the ventricle with each heartbeat. A blood clot is more likely to occur if you also develop atrial fibrillation. A blood clot may travel through the heart, be carried in the bloodstream and get stuck and block a blood vessel in another part of the body. For example, it may get stuck in a blood vessel going to the brain and cause a stroke. See the separate leaflet called Stroke.

• Endocardite sometimes develops. This is an infection of the valve. (Damaged valves are more prone than normal valves are to infection.) Unless promptly treated, endocarditis can cause serious illness. See the separate leaflet called Infective endocarditis.

Any treatment will depend on which valve is affected and the severity of the heart valve problem. Learn more about the treatments for mitral stenosis, rigurgito mitralico, stenosi aortica and aortic regurgitation.

Medicazione

Mild cases may not require any regular medication. Some medicines may be prescribed to help ease symptoms, or to help prevent complications. For example:

• Inibitori dell'enzima di conversione dell'angiotensina (ACE) are medicines which help to reduce the amount of work the heart does. One may be prescribed to ease symptoms of heart failure.

• 'Compresse 'dell'acqua' (diuretici) help to reduce the build-up of fluid caused by the heart working less efficiently. They make the kidneys produce more urine. This gets rid of the excess fluid built up in the lungs or other parts of the body with the back pressure from the heart.

• In atrial fibrillation, several medicines can be used to slow the heart rate down. They include beta-bloccanti, bloccanti dei canali del calcio e digossina. Shocking the heart with an electrical current (a procedure called cardioversion) is also an option in some people who develop atrial fibrillation as a complication.

• Anticoagulation medication is usually advised in atrial fibrillation. This helps to prevent blood clots from forming.

Chirurgia

Surgery to stretch, repair or replace the heart valve may be needed. Surgical treatment has greatly improved the outlook for many cases of severe valve disease. Surgery has a very good success rate. Increasingly, minimal access surgery (via a catheter into the blood vessels rather than open heart surgery) is being used, particularly in people who are less fit for surgery. This is called transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Mild heart valve disease is very common and rarely progresses to heart disease that needs treating. People with mild heart disease do not need to alter their lifestyle - as with everyone, exercise and a healthy diet are recommended. People with moderate to severe heart valve disease should be referred for consideration of surgery or medical management. Some specialists advise repeating an echocardiogram every 3 to 5 years in people with mild heart valve disease.