Routine della buonanotte per i bambini: come far addormentare tuo figlio

The importance of sleep for toddlers

If you're worried about your toddler's bedtime routine, you're not alone. Sleep problems among this age group and small children are common, being reported by around a quarter of parents with children aged under five years.

We all know the importance of sleep in the development of young minds. Many studies have linked poor sleep in children with problems such as unhappiness, obesità, poorer academic performance, e weaker immune systems.

Toddler nap breaks

As well as a good night's sleep, toddlers often need to take a short nap during the day. Helen Ball is a professor of anthropology and director of Durham Infancy & Sleep Centre (DISC) and its outreach project Baby Sleep Info Source. She explains the physiological processes that control our sleep patterns, and why most toddlers need naps:

"Exposure to daylight and darkness controls our circadian rhythms (internal body clock). This causes the hormone melatonin to rise in the evening which makes us feel sleepy, and we wake as melatonin falls and cortisol rises in the morning. We also feel sleepy due to the build-up of sleep pressure (accumulation of chemicals in the brain that is cleared during sleep) as the day progresses.

"Toddlers' sleep pressure rises faster than adults', and so toddlers often need to take a nap during the day. This should be reasonably short to allow sleep pressure to keep building towards night-time. It should also happen in daylight (to avoid disrupting the circadian rhythm)."

Some parents may seek a definitive answer to this question, but in truth, there is little experimental evidence to support sleep time recommendations. Ball explains why she avoids recommending a specific toddler bedtime:

"We have found young child/toddler bedtimes vary greatly between families for many reasons which may be cultural, parent-work related, due to living and childcare arrangements. In any of these circumstances, a fixed 'ideal' bedtime can be unrealistic and cause parents unnecessary anxiety. What we emphasise instead is the importance of regularity (with some flexibility) and understanding how sleep biology affects toddlers, so parents can work with it rather than against it.

"As a general rule, toddlers who wake early or don’t take day-time naps are likely to need an earlier bedtime than those who do nap, or wake later, as their sleep pressure is likely to reach its peak at different times in the evening."

How much sleep does a toddler need?

Many experts emphasise that the amount of sleep your little one gets is a more important factor. According to the National Sleep Foundation, your toddler needs to be getting between 11-14 hours of total sleep in a 24-hour period.

Every toddler is different, and small deviations from this recommended sleep range are normal. If your little one seems generally happy and well rested this is a good indication they're getting enough sleep. If you do want to work out a bedtime for your infant or child, notice what time they typically wake in the morning and count backwards 11-14 hours from there.

When it comes to your toddler's bedtime, Ball believes that this should be "predictable but flexible". Establishing a consistent routine - made up of the same activities at around the same time every evening - helps keep life predictable for toddlers. This predictability is linked to calmness and contentment.

Toddler bedtime routines need to be implemented flexibly, and not rigidly," advises Ball. "If a toddler takes an accidental afternoon nap, for instance, parents should anticipate their sleep pressure will take longer than usual to build up. In this situation, parents should delay bedtime until their child's sleep pressure has built up enough that they can fall asleep quickly and easily.

"Trying to force a toddler to sleep when their sleep pressure is too low is counterproductive (none of us can fall asleep on command) and just makes bedtime longer and more stressful. Rigid bedtimes and routines end up increasing parental ansia and parent-child conflict."

This is not to say that a toddler bedtime routine isn't beneficial; just that flexibility is key. Evidence shows an association between regular toddler bedtimes and better emotional self-regulation, and also a lower risk of obesity in childhood. As such, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that parents start promoting a bedtime routine in infancy and throughout childhood.

It's one thing to know that a good toddler bedtime routine is beneficial, but this can seem like a hard thing to implement if your toddler has trouble falling asleep. The key is to kick-start each bedtime with a few activities that are both calming and simple to carry out. The aim of these activities is to help your child wind down and relax so that when their sleep pressure reaches its threshold for sleep onset, they can fall asleep quickly and easily.

"If they are anxious, in pain, overwhelmed, or excited then bedtime will take longer as parents will have to help their toddler to wind down before they can fall asleep," adds Ball.

Pick three activities and try to do them in the same order each evening. Your toddler will be more relaxed if they know what's coming next. No matter what you choose to include, ensure that you always dim the lights. This helps with sleep onset as it triggers the release of melatonin.

How to deal with toddler tantrums at bedtime

Toddler tantrums are exhausting for both child and parent. While tantrums can be considered normal toddler antics, if your child frequently gets worked up around bedtime this makes it almost impossible to get them to sleep. Crying can trigger cortisol production - a stimulating hormone that's linked to lo stress and prevents us from being able to sleep.